🟩 Definition
Direct Speech:
When we quote someone’s exact words inside inverted commas (“ ”), it is called Direct Speech.
Example: He said, “I am tired.” (Usne kaha, “Main thak gaya hoon.”)
Indirect Speech:
When we report someone’s words without quoting them exactly, it is called Indirect Speech.
Example: He said that he was tired. (Usne kaha ke wo thak gaya tha.)
🟩 Important Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect Speech
1. Remove Quotation Marks
Inverted commas (“ ”) are removed and the reporting clause is joined using that.
Example: He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
2. Change in Tense
If the reporting verb is in past tense (said, told, asked), the reported speech moves one tense back.
| am / is → was | are → were |
| has / have → had | do / does → did |
| did → had done | will → would |
| shall → should | can → could |
| may → might | must → had to |
Example: She said, “I am reading.” → She said that she was reading.
3. Change of Pronouns
Pronouns change according to the context:
| Person | Rule |
|---|
| 1st Person (I, we) | Changes according to Subject |
| 2nd Person (you) | Changes according to Object |
| 3rd Person (he, she, they) | Usually remains same |
Example: He said to me, “I love you.” → He told me that he loved me.
4. Change of Time and Place Words
| today → that day | tomorrow → the next day |
| yesterday → the previous day | now → then |
| here → there | this → that |
| these → those |
Example: He said, “I will go tomorrow.” → He said that he would go the next day.
5. Reporting Verb Changes
- said to → told
- said → said that
- asked → used in questions
- requested, ordered, advised — according to the sentence type.
Example: He said to me, “Open the door.” → He ordered me to open the door.
6. Questions (Interrogative Sentences)
- “said to” becomes asked
- “that” is not used
- Sentence structure: Subject + Verb
Example: He said to me, “Are you happy?” → He asked me if I was happy.
7. Imperative Sentences (Commands, Requests)
- “said to” becomes ordered, requested, or advised
- Use “to” + verb
Example: He said to me, “Please sit down.” → He requested me to sit down.
8. Exclamatory Sentences
- “said” becomes exclaimed or exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise
- Interjections (oh!, wow!, alas!) are removed
Example: He said, “Wow! What a car!” → He exclaimed with surprise that it was a wonderful car.
Direct and Indirect Speech (Short Notes)
- Direct Speech: Exact words inside quotation marks.
Example: He said, “I am happy.”
- Indirect Speech: Reported meaning without quotation marks.
Example: He said that he was happy.
Basic Rules:
- Remove quotation marks and use that to join the sentence.
- Change tense (one step back).
- Change pronouns according to subject/object.
- Change time & place words.
- Change reporting verbs as needed.
- For questions, use if/whether and remove question form.
- For commands, use to + verb.
- For exclamations, use exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise.
🟩 تعریف (Definition)
Direct Speech (براہِ راست کلام):
جب ہم کسی کے الفاظ کو جوں کا توں دہراتے ہیں اور انہیں کوشن مارکس (“ ”) کے اندر لکھتے ہیں تو اسے Direct Speech کہتے ہیں۔
مثال: He said, “I am tired.” → اس نے کہا، “میں تھک گیا ہوں۔”
Indirect Speech (غیر براہِ راست کلام):
جب ہم کسی کے الفاظ کو اپنے الفاظ میں بیان کرتے ہیں بغیر ان کے اصل الفاظ استعمال کیے، تو اسے Indirect Speech کہتے ہیں۔
مثال: He said that he was tired. → اس نے کہا کہ وہ تھک گیا تھا۔
🟩 Direct Speech کو Indirect Speech میں تبدیل کرنے کے قواعد
1. Inverted Commas ختم کرنا
کوشن مارکس (“ ”) ہٹا کر جملے کو “that” کے ساتھ جوڑا جاتا ہے۔
مثال: He said, “I am happy.” → He said that he was happy.
(اس نے کہا کہ وہ خوش تھا۔)
2. Tense کی تبدیلی
اگر Reporting Verb (said, told, asked وغیرہ) ماضی میں ہو، تو Reported Speech کا Tense ایک درجہ پیچھے چلا جاتا ہے۔
| am / is → was | are → were |
| has / have → had | do / does → did |
| did → had done | will → would |
| shall → should | can → could |
| may → might | must → had to |
مثال: She said, “I am reading.” → She said that she was reading.
(اس نے کہا کہ وہ پڑھ رہی تھی۔)
3. ضمائر (Pronouns) کی تبدیلی
| ضمیر | تبدیلی کا اصول |
|---|
| پہلا شخص (I, we) | فاعل (Subject) کے مطابق بدلے گا |
| دوسرا شخص (you) | مفعول (Object) کے مطابق بدلے گا |
| تیسرا شخص (he, she, they) | عام طور پر وہی رہتا ہے |
مثال: He said to me, “I love you.” → He told me that he loved me.
(اس نے مجھ سے کہا کہ وہ مجھ سے محبت کرتا ہے۔)
4. Time اور Place کے الفاظ کی تبدیلی
| today → that day | tomorrow → the next day |
| yesterday → the previous day | now → then |
| here → there | this → that |
| these → those |
مثال: He said, “I will go tomorrow.” → He said that he would go the next day.
(اس نے کہا کہ وہ اگلے دن جائے گا۔)
5. Reporting Verb کی تبدیلی
- said to → told
- said → said that
- asked → سوال والے جملوں میں
- requested, ordered, advised وغیرہ — جملے کے مفہوم کے مطابق۔
مثال: He said to me, “Open the door.” → He ordered me to open the door.
(اس نے مجھے دروازہ کھولنے کا حکم دیا۔)
6. سوالیہ جملے (Interrogative Sentences)
- “said to” کو asked میں بدل دیتے ہیں۔
- “that” استعمال نہیں ہوتا۔
- جملے کی ساخت Subject + Verb میں بدل جاتی ہے۔
مثال: He said to me, “Are you happy?” → He asked me if I was happy.
(اس نے مجھ سے پوچھا کہ کیا میں خوش تھا۔)
7. امریہ جملے (Commands, Requests)
- “said to” کو ordered, requested یا advised میں بدلا جاتا ہے۔
- “to” کے ساتھ verb استعمال ہوتا ہے۔
مثال: He said to me, “Please sit down.” → He requested me to sit down.
(اس نے مجھ سے درخواست کی کہ بیٹھ جاؤ۔)
8. جذباتی جملے (Exclamatory Sentences)
- “said” کو exclaimed یا exclaimed with joy/sorrow/surprise میں بدلا جاتا ہے۔
- “Oh!”, “Wow!”, “Alas!” جیسے الفاظ ختم کر دیے جاتے ہیں۔
مثال: He said, “Wow! What a car!” → He exclaimed with surprise that it was a wonderful car.
(اس نے حیرت سے کہا کہ یہ بہت شاندار کار ہے۔)
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