6th Class Geography Unit 2 Mountains, Plateaus and Valleys MCQs | PAKMCQs

Mountains, plateaus, plains, and valleys are natural features termed as landforms.

One type of geomorphic process develops many patterns and landscapes, while the other changes these landscapes continuously.

Diastrophism, volcanoes, folding, and faulting originate in the interior of the Earth to create mountain ranges, oceanic ridges, trenches, and rift valleys.

Weathering, erosion, and mass movement continuously evolve the surface of the Earth.

A mountain is a natural elevation of the Earth's surface that rises at least 600 meters above sea level.

At least 50% of a mountain's surface consists of steep slopes.

Hills resemble mountains in shape but are of lower elevation (under 600 meters).

Both mountains and hills are conical-shaped and can exist singly or in groups.

Mountains are primarily classified into Fold mountains, Block mountains, and Volcanic mountains.

Fold mountains are built by the folding of rock layers caused by colliding tectonic plates.

Fold mountains are primarily composed of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

The Himalayas, Karakoram, Alps, Rockies, and Andes are classic ranges of fold mountains.

The Rockies are prominent fold mountains of North America.

The Andes are a major fold mountain range formed by the collision of tectonic plates.

The Alps are fold mountains formed by tectonic collision.

The Karakoram range consists of fold mountains composed mainly of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Block mountains are formed by the vertical uplifting of a mass of rock lying between two normal faults.

Horst is a term used for block-like mountains or plateaus with flat tops and steep sides.

The depressed block of land between normal faults is called a Graben.

The Vosges Mountains are an example of Horst mountains located in France.

The Black Forest mountains are located in Germany.

Horsts are characterized by flat tops and steep sides.

MBT stands for Main Boundary Thrust.

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) is a boundary between greater and lesser Himalayas.

Chaman Fault is located in Khuzdar, Kalat, and Quetta regions from where it enters into Afghanistan.

MKF stands for Main Karakoram Fault.

Main Karakoram Fault (MKF) is located between Kohistan Ladakh arch and Karakoram arch.

Main Boundary Fault (MBF) is located in the southern Himalayan region.

SRT stands for Salt range thrust fault.

Volcanic mountains are conical mountains built by deposition of lava or pyroclastic materials around volcanic vents.

The majority of volcanoes are formed along converging plate boundaries, while some form along diverging boundaries or plate interiors.

Volcanoes located in plate interiors are termed Hot Spots.

The Pacific Ring of Fire is a major area of volcanoes running along the rim of the Pacific Ocean.

The Asian-Mediterranean Belt is another prominent region of volcanoes.

Pyroclastic materials are fragments of magma or lava ejected during an eruption.

Pyroclastic fragments ranging in size from fine dust to boulders are collectively called Tephra.

Dust, Ash, Cinder, Lapilli, and Volcanic bombs are all types of Tephra.

Mountains located in Pakistan are primarily fold mountains.

Volcanic landforms are also found in some areas of Pakistan.

Fold mountains of Pakistan are classified as Northern and Western Mountains.

About 225 to 65 million years ago, a sea named Tethys existed in place of these mountains.

Folding began about 65 million years ago and continued up to 54 million years ago.

Northern and western mountain ranges began to appear around 26 to 7 million years ago.

Formation of these mountains was completed around 2.5 million years ago, although uplifting is still evident.

Karakoram, the Himalayas, and the Hindu Kush are termed as the Northern mountains of Pakistan.

The northern mountains stretch almost in an east-west direction.

Safed Koh, Waziristan Hills, Koh-e-Sulaiman, and Kirthar ranges are included in the Western mountains of Pakistan.

Ras Koh, Muslim Bagh (Hamrani volcanic rocks), Safed Koh, and Waziristan hills indicate past igneous activity.

The volcanoes of the area are extinct, but their eroded craters still exist.

Koh-i-Sultan is the most spectacular of these extinct craters.

The elevation of Koh-i-Sultan is about 2334 meters above sea level.

Mud volcanoes are created by the eruption of mud, water, and gases.

Mud volcanoes are not igneous in nature.

Chandragup mud volcanoes exist in Hingol National Park of Lasbela district in Balochistan.

The three main mud volcanoes are named Chandragup 1, Chandragup 2, and Chandragup 3.

Jebel-e-Ghurab is another mud volcano located in Balochistan.

Most hot spot volcanoes are located in the interiors of tectonic plates.

A hot spot is an area of volcanic eruption formed over a narrow column of hot rock in the asthenosphere.

Magma from hot spots rises through vents in the lithosphere to appear at the surface.

Northern Mountains are a physical and cultural division between Central Asia, China, and Pakistan.

Many important rivers, such as the Jhelum and Indus, flow from the Northern Mountains.

Lakes and melting glaciers feed these perennial rivers.

Karakoram Highway passes through the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges and carries commercial activity between Pakistan and China.

Precipitation patterns in Pakistan are heavily influenced by the Northern Mountains by blocking rain-bearing monsoon winds.

Mountains are sources of minerals, timber, and fruits, providing raw materials for furniture, chipboard, and chemical industries.

Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the freezing cold winds originating from Central Asia.

Tourist resorts in beautiful mountainous areas become a prominent source of income for local populations during summer.

A fault is a fracture or discontinuity in the Lithosphere.

Large faults result from the stress of forces that move the tectonic plates.

Intense stress during mountain-building developed many active faults, making them major earthquake zones.

Plateaus are table-shaped lands that rise at least 300 meters above sea level.

A plateau is sometimes called a table land due to its shape.

Plateaus are usually bounded on one or more sides by steep slopes.

The higher parts of plateaus are more or less of the same uniform height.

Plateaus that are surrounded on all sides by mountains are known as Intermontane Plateaus.

The Tibetan and Bolivian Plateaus are classic examples of Intermontane Plateaus.

Tibetan Plateau is bordered by the Kunlun and Qilian Mountains on its North and North-Eastern sides.

The Himalayas border the Tibetan Plateau on its South.

The Bolivian Plateau is located between two ranges of the Andes in South America.

Intermontane plateaus (specifically the Tibetan Plateau) are the highest and most extensive in the world.

Plateaus bounded by mountains on one side and by a plain or ocean on the other side are termed Piedmont Plateaus.

The Plateau of Patagonia is situated in Argentina.

It is situated between the Andes Mountains on one side and the Atlantic Ocean on the other.

Potwar Plateau in Pakistan is a prime example of a Piedmont Plateau.

Potwar Plateau is bounded by mountains in its North and by the Indus plain in its South.

A volcanic plateau is formed when successive sheets of molten lava spread out over vast areas and solidify.

The Deccan plateau of India is an example of a volcanic plateau.

Balochistan Plateau is the easternmost part of the Iranian plateau.

Balochistan Plateau is a Tectonic Plateau.

It was formed during the collision of African, Arabian, and Indian continental plates with the Eurasian plate.

Mountains rise at least 600 meters above sea level, whereas plateaus rise at least 300 meters above sea level.

At least 50% of a mountain's surface consists of steep slopes, while plateaus are table-shaped with tops more or less of the same height.

Arch-like up folds in folded rock layers are called anticlines.

Trough-like down folds are called synclines.

Anticlines form mountains and synclines form valleys.

Valleys acquire V or U shapes on account of the presence of rivers or glaciers.

River valleys are characteristically V-shaped valleys.

They are deep, narrow, and long depressions formed by the erosive action of rivers or streams.

Swat, Kaghan, Chitral, Neelum, and Jhelum valleys are prominent river valleys in Pakistan.

Valleys provide fruits, honey, and medicinal herbs for local and international markets.

When plains are extremely hot, the moderate weather and lush green scenic beauty of these valleys attract tourists.

Valleys located in glacial environments develop a U-shaped profile due to glacial erosion.

U-shaped valleys have steep sides and a wide, flat floor created by glacial carving.

Karakoram, Himalayas, and Hindu Kush ranges contain numerous glacial valleys.

Baltoro, Batura, and Hispar glaciers are situated in the Karakoram range.

Rupal glacier is located in the Himalayas.

Tirich Mir glacier is situated in the Hindu Kush range.

A Rift Valley (Graben) is formed when rock strata between two normal faults subsides vertically.

Rift valleys have straight parallel walls.

The most famous rift valley is referred to as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa.

Population density is low due to extreme climatic conditions and lack of civic facilities.

Moving to lowland areas during winter and returning in summer is termed transhumance.

Crops like wheat, maize, potato, peas, barley, and millet are cultivated on hill terraces.

Valleys produce apricot, peaches, plum, cherry, apple, and various dry fruits.

In winter, residents are bound indoors and adopt cottage activities like carpet making.

Sheep and goat rearing is a common livestock practice in mountainous valleys.

Rearing of goats and sheep is a major occupation in Balochistan Plateau.

Agriculture is traditionally practiced through the underground Karez irrigation system.

Western winds bring winter rainfall enabling grape cultivation near Quetta.

Marine fishing is practiced in the coastal areas of Balochistan.

Gwadar port has immense potential for domestic and international trade.

Road transport is available mostly between main towns due to the highly rugged terrain and vast distances.

Rugged terrain, dry climate, and scarce water cause very low population density.

A settled lifestyle is practiced across the Potwar Plateau.

Local dissected relief does not allow canal irrigation, making farming rain-fed (Barani).

Wheat, maize, barley, and gram are commonly cultivated on Potwar.

Due to urban settlements, infrastructure is available and accessible by road, rail, and air.

Mountains provide pastures, forests, and tourist spots, and serve as water sources for lowlands.

Plains have fertile soil and flat land utilized extensively for agriculture.

Plateaus are major sources of mineral wealth.

Climate influences human house types, clothing, and food habits.

Attabad Lake is located in the Gojal region of Hunza Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan.

A massive landslide in January 2010 blocked the Hunza River, forming the lake.

The landslide blocked the flow of the Hunza River.

The Karakoram Highway was submerged and blocked by the expanding lake.

Over 25,000 residents were displaced and forced to travel on boats to cross the 23 km long lake.

As the lake expanded upstream, it submerged at least four villages.

A map is the representation of an area on a flat piece of paper according to a scale.

Map conventions are a common set of rules that accompany a map to help readers understand it.

The Title indicates the subject of the map.

Border marks the outer boundary or outline of the map.

The North Arrow indicates North to orientate the reader to compass directions.

Scale helps to know the real ground distance of places shown on the map.

A legend explains the symbols, colours, and images used in the map.

Labels identify locations or features quickly by writing their names.

Shading shows density of population or crop percentage by applying various shades of a colour.

Water bodies are conventionally shaded in blue.

Grid references are points on a map that are used to find a location anywhere in the world.

A network of vertical and horizontal lines drawn on maps to locate positions is called a grid.

Vertical lines are labelled as Eastings and horizontal lines as Northings.

The upward direction on a map established by Eastings of a grid is termed Grid North.

Eastings and northings are the standard names for the x and y coordinates in a planar coordinate system.

Latitudes and longitudes are the standard coordinates in a spherical geographic coordinate system.

A 6-figure grid reference contains 6 numbers which give the precise location of a place.

Inside each box, we imagine 10 tick marks along the eastings and 10 tick marks along the northings.

The first two numbers represent the main Easting line.

The third number represents how many tenths you move east from the easting line.

The fourth and fifth numbers represent the primary Northing value.

The last number represents how many tenths you move north from the northing line.

Lithospheric plates causing mountain building, earthquakes etc. are defined as Tectonic Plates.

Two tectonic plates moving towards each other are termed converging plates.

Inhospitable means harsh and unfit for human residence.

Transhumance is defined as the practice of moving livestock seasonally.

Diastrophism refers to all internal processes that move, elevate, or build up portions of the Earth's crust.

A fault is said to be normal when movement on either side of it is vertical.

Distribution maps show the geographical distribution of population, crops, minerals, etc.

The diagrams representing statistical data are known as statistical diagrams.

A planar coordinate system presents location coordinates on the flat 2D surface of a map.

A geographic coordinate system is used to define spherical coordinates (lat/long) on a globe.

Upfolds (anticlines) form mountains and downfolds (synclines) form valleys.

Folding of the Tethys sea bed began around 65 million years ago.

Formation completed around 2.5 million years ago, although slow uplifting is still continuing.

Karakoram is a Northern mountain range, not a Western range.

Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and the Himalayas constitute the Northern Mountains.

Hamrani volcanic rocks are located in Muslim Bagh, Balochistan.

Active tectonic faults formed by intense compression during mountain-building cause frequent earthquakes.

Intermontane plateaus are surrounded by mountains on all sides.

Piedmont plateaus are bounded by mountains on one side and plains or oceans on the other.

The Bolivian Plateau is located between two ranges of the Andes.

The Plateau of Patagonia lies between the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean.

Successive sheets of lava spreading over vast areas form volcanic plateaus.

A plateau rises at least 300 meters above sea level.

A mountain must have at least 50% of its surface consisting of steep slopes.

Glacial erosion widens and deepens valleys into a U-shaped profile.

Fast-flowing rivers cut vertically downward to carve V-shaped valleys.

Batura (along with Baltoro and Hispar) is located in the Karakoram.

Hispar Glacier lies in the Karakoram range.

A Rift Valley is a graben with straight parallel walls formed by fault subsidence.

Karez irrigation uses underground water channels to minimize evaporation in Balochistan.

Rain-fed farming in the Potwar Plateau is called Barani farming.

The landslide occurred in Hunza Valley at Gojal, forming Attabad Lake.

The legend explains all symbols and colours used on the map.

Horizontal grid lines are called Northings.

Vertical grid lines are called Eastings.

Landforms are the natural physical features that make up the Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, and plateaus.

A plateau is an elevated area of relatively level land with flat top, often referred to as a table land.

The Himalayas are fold mountains formed by the folding of rock strata caused by tectonic plate collision.

The Pacific Ocean is surrounded by the "Ring of Fire," where the majority of Earth's active volcanoes are located.

A 6-figure grid reference pinpoint the precise location of a particular feature or place on a map.

V-shaped valleys are carved out by rivers eroding vertically in their upper course.

U-shaped valleys are formed when moving glaciers widen and deepen pre-existing river valleys.

The Great Rift Valley is a continuous geographic trench system located in East Africa.